Yu: Quantify Protein Structure and Subfractions in Canola Seed and Canola Meal in Relation to Nutrient Availability in Animals Program II
Date: May 2016
Term: 5 years
Status: Completed
Researcher(s): Peiqiang Yu, David A. Christensen, John McKinnon, Tom Scott, Katerina Theodoridou, Xuewei Huang, University of Saskatchewan; Sally Vail and Kevin Falk, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon SK; Colleen Christensen, Feed Innovation Institute/Dairy Research Farm Manager, Saskatoon SK; Lisa Miller, Brookhaven National Lab, NY
SaskCanola Investment: n/a
Total Project Cost: n/a
Funding Partners: n/a
Project Summary
Program II: Research Program in Newly Developed Yellow-Seeded and Black-Seeded Canola Lines
Researchers at the University of Saskatchewan conducted a large multiple project canola research program over five years to quantify protein structure and subfractions in canola seed and canola meal in relation to nutrient availability in animals. The research was completed under three research program areas and eight main projects. Program II focused on the effect of the characterization of different attributes of newly developed yellow-seeded and black-seeded canola lines, and included three main projects.
Researchers at the University of Saskatchewan conducted a large multiple project canola research program over five years to quantify protein structure and subfractions in canola seed and canola meal in relation to nutrient availability in animals. The research was completed under three research program areas and eight main projects. The overall goal of the program is to provide a greater understanding of the canola-animal interface and advance current and basic canola protein nutrition knowledge that will benefit the canola industry. Program II focused on the effect of the characterization of different attributes of newly developed yellow-seeded and black-seeded canola lines, and included three main projects.
Project 4. Magnitude Differences in Bioactive Compounds, Chemical Functional Groups, Fatty Acid Profiles, Nutrient Degradation and Digestion, Molecular Structure, and Metabolic Characteristics of Protein in Newly Developed Yellow-Seeded and Black-Seeded Canola Lines
Recently new lines of yellow-seeded (CS-Y) and black-seeded canola (CS-B) have been developed with chemical and structural alteration through modern breeding technology. However, little information on bioactive compounds, chemical functional groups, fatty acid profiles, inherent structure, nutrient degradation and absorption, metabolic characteristics between the newly developed yellow-seeded and black-seeded canola lines, was available.
The objectives of this study were to systematically characterize chemical, structure, and nutrition features in these yellow- and black-seeded canola lines. The parameters assessed included: bioactive compounds and anti-nutrition factors, chemical functional groups, detailed chemical and nutrient profiles, energy value, nutrient fractions, protein structure, degradation kinetics, intestinal digestion, truly intestinal protein supply, and feed milk value. Yellow and black canola seeds (B. napus) from two different harvest years were supplied by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Center and used as feed sources.
Overall, the results of this study indicated new yellow lines had different nutrition, chemical and structure features compared to the black lines. The yellow-seeded canola had higher values in total digestible nutrients content, net energy, digestible and metabolizable energy. However, there were no differences in the protein’s inherent structural spectral characteristics. These findings show that the breeding of yellow type of canola is a promising route to reducing fiber and hull content, while at the same time increasing the level of oil. The feed protein availability and utilization by the animal might be higher when yellow type canola is fed to the animals, since the in vitro intestinal digestibility was found to be higher for the yellow-seeded canola compared to the black one. On the other hand, the yellow-seeded canola tended to have a lower degraded balance, compared to black-seeded, which suggests a better nutrient utilization and less output of potentially polluting nitrogen. This is an important consideration as environmental friendly rations are currently very important in animal nutrition.
Project 5. Protein and energy metabolic characteristics and nutrient supply, to ruminants, from newly developed canola lines, as predicted using the NRC-2001 model and the PDI system
The overall goal is adoption of best practice in feeding management to improve the protein use efficiency and reduce the ecological footprint of the production of animal products. As ruminant feed may influence the quality of animal products (i.e. meat and milk), and animal’s productivity, there is a need to systematically evaluate the nutritive value of each feed.
The objectives of this study were to: identify differences in the metabolic characteristics of protein and energy between newly developed canola lines, (yellow and black), modeled for dairy cattle, determine the extent of ruminal and intestinal digestion and absorption of the protein, determine feed milk value, and compare the two evaluation systems in modeling nutrient supply, the National Research Council (NRC) 2001 model, and the protein truly digestible in the small intestine system (PDI). Yellow and black canola seeds (B. napus) harvested in two different years were supplied by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Center and used as feed sources.
The study results demonstrated that the PDI system predicted lower values for all the nutrient supply parameters studied compared to the NRC-2001 model. Independent of the feed evaluation system used in this study, both models indicated that the microbial protein synthesis in the rumen based on the available protein and the rumen degraded protein absorbed in the small intestine, were lower for the yellow-seeded compared to the black-seeded canola. Given that the results reported in this study were outputs from mathematical models with data based on in vitro and in situ studies, the next step is to apply the predictions and evaluate them in animal trials.
Project 6. Explore Protein Molecular Structure in Endosperm Tissues in Newly Developed Black and Yellow Type Canola Seeds by Using Synchrotron-based Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy
Researchers conducted a study to characterize the protein molecular structure in endosperm tissues in newly developed black and yellow-type canola seeds by using synchrotron-based Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. This advanced tool has been recently used as a rapid, direct, non-invasive, non-destructive and bio-analytical technique, which is capable of localizing relatively 'pure' protein in different plant tissues, explore their protein molecular structure, and give an indication of the nutritive value.
The objective of this study was to use synchrotron light sourced FTIR microspectroscopy as an approach to define the molecular structural differences between the proteins of two newly developed canola seed varieties (yellow, black) in the whole tissues at cellular and subcellular levels. Yellow and black canola seeds (B. napus) harvested in two different years were supplied by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Center and used as feed sources.
Overall, the results showed that both the yellow-seeded and black-seeded canola contain the same proteins but in different ratios. There were no significant molecular structural differences in the protein fingerprint between the yellow- and black-type of canola seed. This might be an indication that the protein value of the yellow canola seeds as food or feed is different from that of the black canola seeds. All of the information from the study related to the nutritive value of seeds, can be used in the future by breeders in different breeding programs for picking of varieties intended for human and animal consumption.
Scientific publications.
Theodoridou, K., Zhang, X., Vail, S., Yu, P. 2015. Magnitude Differences in Bioactive Compounds, Chemical Functional Groups, Fatty Acid Profiles, Nutrient Degradation and Digestion, Molecular Structure, and Metabolic Characteristics of Protein in Newly Developed Yellow-Seeded and Black-Seeded Canola Lines. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63: 5476–5484 (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01577)
Theodoridou, K, P. Yu. 2016. Protein and energy metabolic characteristics and nutrient supply, to ruminants, from newly developed canola lines, as predicted using the NRC-2001 model and the PDI system. (Manuscript ready for publication)
Yu, Peiqiang, Theodoridou, Katerina, Xin, Hangshu, Pei-Yu Huang, Lee, Yao-Chang, Woods, Bayden R. 2013. Synchrotron-Based Microspectroscopic Study on the Effect of Heat Treatment on Cotyledon Tissues in Yellow-Type of Canola (Brassica) Seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61: 7234–7241. DOI: 10.1021/jf4012517)
Thedoridou, K, Vail, Sally, Yu, Peiqiang. 2014. Explore Protein Molecular Structure in Endosperm Tissues in Newly Developed Black and Yellow Type Canola Seeds by Using Synchrotron-based Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy (Elsevier). 120: 421–427 (DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.034)